By THE FOUR PARENTING STYLES
By The Gottman Institute
Your emotional awareness dramatically influences your success and happiness in all walks of life, including family relationships.
As Dr. John Gottman explains in Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child, “good parenting involves emotion.” For parents, emotional intelligence means being aware of your child’s feelings and being able to empathize, soothe, and guide them.
When it comes to raising children, what parenting behaviors make the difference? As a research psychologist studying parent-child interactions, Dr. Gottman has spent much of the past fifty years looking for the answer to this question. Working with research teams at the University of Illinois and the University of Washington, his studies involved lengthy interviews with parents, talking about their marriages, their reactions to their children’s emotional experiences and their awareness of the role emotion plays in their lives.
The results tell a simple yet compelling story. We have found that most parents fall into one of two broad categories: those who give their children guidance about the world of emotion and those who don’t. We call parents who get involved with their children’s feelings “Emotion Coaches.”
We have identified four types of parents and the effects of this parenting style on their children:
The Dismissing Parent
- Treats child’s feelings as unimportant, trivial
- Disengages from or ignores the child’s feelings
- Wants the child’s negative emotions to disappear quickly
- Sees the child’s emotions as a demand to fix things
- Minimizes the child’s feelings, downplaying the events that led to the emotion
- Does not problem-solve with the child, believes that the passage of time will resolve most problems
Effects of this style on children: They learn that their feelings are wrong, inappropriate, and not valid. They may learn there is something inherently wrong with them because of the way they feel. They may have difficulty regulating their emotions.
The Disapproving Parent
- Displays many of the Dismissing Parent’s behaviors, but in a more negative way
- Judges and criticizes the child’s emotional expression
- Emphasizes conformity to good standards of behavior
- Believes that negative emotions need to be controlled
- Believes that emotions make people weak; children must be emotionally tough to survive
- Believes that negative emotions are unproductive, a waste of time
Effects of this style on children: Same as the Disapproving style.
The Laissez-Faire Parent
- Freely accepts all emotional expression from the child
- Offers little guidance on behavior
- Does not set limits
- Believes that there is little you can do about negative emotions other than ride them out
- Does not help the child solve problems
- Believes that managing negative emotions is a matter of hydraulics; release the emotion and the work is done
Effects of this style on children: They don’t learn to regulate their emotions. They have trouble concentrating, forming friendships, and getting along with other children.
The Emotion Coach
- Values the child’s negative emotions as an opportunity for intimacy
- Is aware of and values her or her own emotions
- Sees the world of negative emotions as an important arena for parenting
- Does not poke fun at or make light of the child’s negative feelings
- Does not say how the child should feel
- Uses emotional moments as a time to listen to the child, empathize with soothing words and affection, help the child label the emotion he or she is feeling, offer guidance on regulating emotions, set limits and teach acceptable expression of emotions, and teach problem-solving skills
Effects of this style on children: They learn to trust their feelings, regulate their emotions, and solve problems. They have high self-esteem, learn well, and get along well with others.
The concept of Emotion Coaching is rooted in our deepest feelings of love and empathy for our children. Unfortunately, however, Emotion Coaching doesn’t come naturally to all parents. It’s an art that requires emotional awareness and a specific set of listening and problem-solving behaviors – behaviors Dr. Gottman and colleagues identified and analyzed in their observation of healthy, well-functioning families. The path to becoming a better parent, like almost every road to personal growth, begins with self-examination. Curious about which style of parent you are? Take our quiz here!
